The EV batteries that will need to be reused or recycled are 50 times larger than the batteries in hybrids such as the Prius, he noted.
Right now, recycling old batteries for new materials is the most cost-effective way to create value from the used batteries.
A 11.2kWh residential battery system made from used batteries would cost about $US4,600, while a new 7 kWh system would cost about $6,000. But “reduced round-trip efficiency and cycle life” make residential units a bad fit for used batteries, the report found.
The report assumes that about 80 percent of the capacity of the EV battery has been used by the time the car is retired.
Second-life batteries aren’t well suited for home use; they’re better suited to applications that require the batteries to be discharged a few times a day, said Robinson.
“The best uses are things like frequency regulation or other services for the grid,” he said. “Those are shallow, fast-responding applications.” Batteries could also be used in niche applications like back-up power for hospitals and universities. “They wouldn’t be used very often so wouldn’t get used up as quickly.”
Meanwhile, some European manufacturers are announcing that they’re launching products from their used EV batteries.
For example, BMW plans to take the entire pack out of the i3 electric vehicle, a 22kWh system, and prepare it for wall mounting, said Robinson. With this plan, the company doesn’t have to take out the cells or recondition the batteries, and saves money on processing.
Nissan, on the other hand, has plans to take the battery packs from the Leaf apart and convert them into two to three residential storage units. “These will have sleek exterior cases and smaller, 4-5kWh units. Nissan will spend more money on testing and repackaging but may be capturing more value,” he said.
In addition, FreeWire Technologies repurposes used batteries from the Nissan Leaf for mobile chargers. “They reportedly pay $100 per kWh for old Nissan Leaf batteries,” he said. The Mobi Chargers can be used to charge any electric vehicle, according the FreeWire’s website.
While recycling batteries seems to be the more cost-effective option for now, certain technological advances could make re-using more cost-effective, said Robinson.
“In re-using batteries, they need to be disassembled, taken out of their packs and tested. Right now, all that is done manually,” he said. “However, if new processes are developed that allow for this work to be completed in an automated fashion, those could be valuable and could shift the value proposition and make re-using cheaper.”
For recycling, smelting is the most cost-effective option, said Robinson. “You can melt down the batteries and recover cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium.” These products can be sold to steel-making and other industries.
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Sophie is editor of One Step Off The Grid and deputy editor of its sister site, Renew Economy. Sophie has been writing about clean energy for more than a decade.
This post was published on December 7, 2016 9:18 am
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Sophie I question the figure/comment:
"The report assumes that about 80 percent of the capacity of the EV battery has been used by the time the car is retired."
There is no way you would want to drive an EV which had a battery capacity of under 50%. You would be getting new batteries by then surely. And the car would still be going strong, as there as less moving parts compared to an ICE.
The time frame from new to 50% is a question for the owners of the EV. But when they decide their old batteries could see a new life powering a house.
Which is there I hope to be some time in the future but I am still going strong after 2.5 years of driving with my EV. These batteries have lost only 10% or less after these 2.5 years.